Understanding Macular Degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common eye condition that affects central vision, particularly in people over 60.
It damages the macula, a small area near the center of the retina responsible for the sharp vision needed to read, recognize faces, drive, and see fine details.
AMD can make everyday activities more difficult, but it usually does not cause complete blindness. Peripheral (side) vision generally remains intact.
Dry and Wet Macular Degeneration
There are two main forms of AMD.
Dry AMD accounts for approximately 80–90% of cases. It develops when cells in the macula gradually deteriorate. Small deposits called drusen often accumulate beneath the retina.
Dry AMD usually progresses slowly, although some people develop advanced disease called geographic atrophy, which can cause substantial central vision loss.
Wet AMD occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina and leak blood or fluid.
Wet AMD is less common but can cause rapid and serious vision loss. It can develop in someone who previously had dry AMD.
The distinction matters because treatments for dry and wet AMD are different.
What Are the Warning Signs?
Early AMD may cause no noticeable symptoms.
As the condition progresses, people may experience:
Blurred or distorted central vision.
Straight lines appearing wavy or bent.
Difficulty reading or recognizing faces.
A dark or blurry spot near the center of vision.
Needing brighter light for reading.
Changes may develop gradually or appear suddenly.
New distortion, a dark spot, or sudden changes in central vision should be evaluated promptly by an eye care professional. These can be signs of wet AMD, for which early treatment is particularly important.
How Is AMD Diagnosed?
An ophthalmologist examines the retina, usually after dilating the pupils.
A test called optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides detailed images of the retinal layers and can detect fluid, thinning, and other changes associated with AMD.
Other imaging tests may be used when wet AMD is suspected.
People with AMD may also be asked to use an Amsler grid, a simple pattern of straight lines that can help identify changes in central vision.
However, home monitoring does not replace regular eye examinations.
Does AMD Always Progress?
No. Many people with early AMD retain useful vision for years, and some never develop advanced disease.
Progression varies depending on the type and severity of AMD, genetics, smoking history, and other factors.
Having AMD in one eye also increases the risk of developing it in the other.
Regular monitoring and early recognition of changes can help preserve vision.
Bottom Line
Macular degeneration is a common cause of central vision loss in older adults, but its course varies considerably.
Dry AMD often progresses gradually, while wet AMD can cause rapid vision changes that require prompt treatment.
Understanding the condition and recognizing warning signs are important first steps toward protecting vision.
Learn More
An accessible overview of symptoms, diagnosis, risk factors, and treatment.
Explains dry and wet AMD and how the condition affects vision.
Information about monitoring changes in central vision.