Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of vision loss among older adults. It affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp vision needed for reading, recognizing faces, and driving.
AMD often develops gradually, but some forms can cause rapid changes in vision.
The encouraging news is that treatments have improved considerably, and research continues to explore new ways to preserve vision. Nutrition, lifestyle, and early detection may also play important roles.
Understanding Macular Degeneration
There are two main forms of AMD:
Dry AMD is the more common form. It generally progresses slowly, although advanced dry AMD can cause significant vision loss.
Wet AMD is less common but can cause rapid vision loss when abnormal blood vessels develop beneath the retina.
AMD affects central vision and generally preserves peripheral vision. Although it usually does not cause total blindness, central vision loss can significantly affect everyday activities and independence.
Can We Reduce the Risk?
Age and genetics are important risk factors, but lifestyle also matters.
Research suggests that avoiding smoking, exercising regularly, maintaining cardiovascular health, and eating a nutritious diet may help reduce the risk of developing or progressing to advanced AMD.
Certain nutritional supplements, known as the AREDS2 formula, can slow progression in some people who already have AMD.
However, these supplements have not been shown to prevent AMD in people without the condition.
New Treatments Offer Hope
Injections that block vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have transformed the treatment of wet AMD, helping many patients preserve vision.
More recently, medications have become available that can slow the progression of geographic atrophy, an advanced form of dry AMD.
Researchers are also investigating gene therapy, stem cell treatments, and other approaches.
Although lost vision cannot always be restored, earlier diagnosis and appropriate treatment can make an important difference.
When to Seek Help
Contact an eye-care professional promptly if straight lines suddenly look wavy or crooked, or if you notice a new blurred or missing area in your central vision. These changes can signal advanced AMD and should not wait until a routine appointment.
Regular dilated eye examinations are also important because early AMD may cause no noticeable symptoms.
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